Dog Ear Infections

Dogs are known to have a keen sense of hearing, so it is important for our furry friends to have their ears in tip-top shape. Infections affecting the ears are pretty common and may be a source of discomfort for our pets.

Identifying the cause and appropriate treatment for these problems is important to keep our dog happy and healthy.

What Are Dog Ear Infections?

A clean and dry ear is a sign of a healthy dog. In a typical situation, a dog’s outer ear canal contains tiny amounts of bacteria and yeast. Sometimes, debris can accumulate, leading to an unhealthy environment. This can result in the excessive growth of bacteria and yeast, which eventually leads to an infection.

Ear infections, particularly affecting the outer ear, are common in dogs. While any dog can experience them, certain breeds are more prone. Dogs most likely to get ear infections include Basset Hounds, Chinese Shar-Pei, Labradoodles, Beagles, Cockapoos.

These breeds have floppy ears that may trap moisture leading to increased susceptibility to bacterial infection. Their floppy ears also make them more prone to ear injuries and ear trauma when they are scratching.

Each breed has unique needs to prevent ear infections. For dogs with floppy ears, regular grooming and ear cleaning to remove wax and moisture are crucial. Owners of breeds with hairy ear canals should trim the excess hair regularly to keep ears clear.

Dogs prone to allergic reactions may need special diets or medications to control allergy symptoms. Regular vet checkups can help catch early signs of infection in susceptible breeds, ensuring timely treatment.

Anatomy of a Dog’s Ear

A dog’s ear consists of three parts: the outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear. The outer ear includes the visible part, called the pinna, and the ear canal. Long or floppy pinnae can trap debris and moisture.

The middle ear holds tiny bones essential for hearing. This part connects to the throat, which can allow infections from the throat to spread to the ear.

The inner ear helps with balance and hearing. It contains nerves and is more protected but also more seriously affected if infections reach this deep. Understanding these parts helps in knowing how infections start and spread.

Understanding Dog Ear Infections

Dog ear infections are a common problem caused by different factors. Recognizing the types and understanding the ear’s structure can help in identifying and treating these infections efficiently.

Dog ear infections can differ based on their location in the ear. The three main types are:

Otitis Externa

Otitis externa is the most common type of ear infection. It affects the outer part of the ear canal and often presents with redness and itchiness, as well as symptoms such as head shaking, foul odor, skin redness, swelling, itching, increased discharge, and scaly skin. Depending on the cause and duration, the ear canal may become painful or irritated. Symptoms can develop suddenly or gradually and may affect one or both ears.

Numerous factors can cause otitis externa. Some, like allergies, foreign objects, and parasites, directly trigger inflammation, while others, such as certain bacteria, yeasts, or middle ear infections, can worsen the condition.

Otitis Media

Otitis media is an infection of the middle ear, often resulting from untreated otitis externa. It is commonly caused by a foreign object penetrating the eardrum or by an infection spreading from the outer ear canal. In rare cases, the infection can also reach the middle ear through the bloodstream.

Otitis Interna

This affects the inner ear and can lead to serious issues like hearing loss or balance problems if not addressed. Otitis interna, or inflammation of the inner ear, is typically brought on by an infection. The most frequent infectious agent in inner ear infections is bacteria, but fungus, also called yeast, can also play a role.

Signs of Ear Infections in Dogs

Ear infections in dogs can cause several visible symptoms. It’s important to catch these early signs to ensure proper treatment and prevent further damage to your pet’s ears.

Redness and Swelling

The ear may appear red and swollen and feel hot to the touch. Once this has been observed, it is important to take your dog to the veterinarian to reduce the swelling, as it can affect the inner ear structures if left untreated.

Unusual Odour

The ear can emit a smell similar to yeasty or corn chips. This can be caused by several factors, such as bacterial or fungal infections. Unclean ears can also cause this foul odor to emit from your dog’s ears. Regular cleaning and grooming should be done to prevent this from happening.

Itching and Pain

Dogs often scratch their ears and show signs of discomfort. It is normal for dogs to scratch at their ears, but if you notice them scratching their ears more frequently with whining noises, it may be more severe and warrant a visit to the veterinarian.

Head Movements

Frequent shaking or tilting of the head. This usually occurs with intense scratching of their ears. It is important to further observe if these head movements are because of ear infections or other systemic diseases. Their balance might also be affected.

Discharge and Scabs

Noticeable discharge and crusting can occur, along with an unpleasant odor and intense itchiness of the ears. Owners should closely monitor their dogs’ ears to determine whether there are scabs present or other parasites, such as mites, that can also resemble scabs.

Changes in Appetite

They may have less interest in food. When a dog is generally not feeling well they may have a decreased appetite and appear to be lethargic. Lethargy and inappetence are more serious signs that the cause of ear infection might be getting more severe. Observe for other accompanying symptoms as well.

How Do Yeast and Bacterial Ear Infections Differ in Dogs?

Yeast and bacterial ear infections in dogs may appear similar. Both can cause discomfort and irritation. A vet can tell them apart by taking a sample of ear discharge and looking at it under a microscope. This helps identify if it is caused by yeast or bacteria based on the types of microbes present.

Yeast infections often come with a noticeable smell and dark brown discharge. They typically involve the outer ear, known as otitis externa. he anatomy of a dog’s ear includes the ear flap, ear canal, eardrum, middle ear, and inner ear. The outer ear is more exposed to the environment, which makes otitis externa the most common type of ear infection in dogs.

On the other hand, bacterial infections may show a lighter brown or yellow discharge. They are more common in the middle and inner ear, which are otitis media and otitis interna, respectively.

These infections can be acute, meaning they happen quickly, or they can be chronic, meaning they happen over and over. TKeeping an eye on your dog’s ears and consulting a vet if you notice unusual signs can help in managing these infections effectively.

Main Reasons for Dog Ear Infections

Ear infections in dogs happen due to various issues that disrupt the ear’s natural defenses. The breakdown of these defenses can lead to moisture and inflammation, creating an environment where bacteria or yeast can grow.

Foreign Objects

Sometimes tiny items like grass awn or foxtails can get into a dog’s ear. These can damage the inside of the dog’s ear leading to bacterial infection.

Ear Mites

These tiny parasites can irritate the ear canal. Once they have infested the dog’s ear, scratching will occur, possibly damaging the ear and resulting in trauma or injury, such as swelling of the ear and secondary bacterial infection.

Excess Moisture

Activities like swimming or bathing can add too much moisture. Too much moisture is the perfect environment for an overgrowth of bacteria in the dog’s ear.

Allergies

Dogs may be sensitive to certain foods or environments. It is important to determine the exact cause of the allergic reaction that may cause the dogs’ ears to itch and scratch.

Endocrine Disorders

Issues like hypothyroidism can affect ear health. Hypothyroid dogs often have skin problems leading to increased susceptibility to ear problems and ear infections.

Autoimmune Diseases

Conditions such as pemphigus or lupus can play a role. Pemphigus foliaceus typically causes hair loss, scabs, and ulcers (open sores) around the head, face, and ears.

Polyps and Cancer

These growths can form inside the ear. Overgrowths can damage the dog’s inner ear structures and lead to an ear infection.

Ear Trauma

Injuries can also lead to infections. Dogs shake their heads violently to try and dislodge the foreign objects from the ears themselves. This, in turn, can burst a blood vessel and cause swelling of the ear flap

These factors might result in bacterial or yeast infections. A dog that scratches or shakes its head too much might also develop an aural hematoma, where blood vessels burst, causing swelling and discomfort in the earflap.

How Veterinarians Identify Dog Ear Infections

When a dog shows signs of an ear infection, veterinarians use specific tests to determine the cause and decide on the best treatment.

Cytology

A swab is used to take a sample from the ear. Special stains highlight bacteria or yeast cells, making them visible under a microscope. This test can confirm a bacterial or fungal infection.

Culture and Sensitivity Testing

This involves growing the bacteria or yeast from the infection in a lab setting to identify it and see which medications will work best. This test is usually a more lengthy process and may be prescribed by the veterinarian in more complex cases. This is also usually done when the ongoing treatment plan is not responding well to the disease.

Blood Testing

Sometimes blood tests are necessary to see if hormone-related issues are contributing to the ear infection. Aside from hormone-related issues, blood tests can also confirm if a more systemic infection is ongoing and possibly affecting your dog’s ear infection. A systemic bacterial infection can be confirmed through this test.

Imaging Tests

In more severe cases, X-rays, CT scans, or MRIs may be needed to check deeper ear problems. Imaging instruments help the veterinarian see and assess inner ear structures, which leads to a more appropriate treatment plan. Depending on the results of the imaging tests, surgery or other procedures may be performed.

Dog Ear Infection Remedies

Topical Solutions

The approach to dealing with a dog ear infection often includes direct solutions applied to the ear. The type of cleaner might differ—some with medication, others without—based on how severe the infection is. For effective cleaning, owners might need to clean their dog’s ears either daily or every two days during the treatment period.

Applying ear medicines, like ear drops, usually follows a routine of once or twice daily for up to 10 days. It’s essential to ask a vet about any waiting time needed between cleaning and applying these drops.

Keep in mind that ear drops can contain antibiotics, antifungals, or a combination, depending on the type of infection. Some medications also contain topical steroids to alleviate itching. Do not clean out the medication following its application.

Oral Remedies

In more severe cases, addressing a dog’s ear infection may necessitate oral medical solutions. These can include antibiotics, antifungals, steroids, or anti-inflammatories, each chosen to target specific needs.

Surgical Options

In chronic situations where the ear infection has been a long-term issue, the ear might not respond to regular medical treatment. Sometimes the ear canal becomes scarred over time, making usual remedies ineffective.

Surgery can aim to either open up the ear canal or totally remove the infected areas. A procedure known as total ear canal ablation (TECA) and ventral bulla osteotomy (VBO) might be performed for these challenging cases.

Recovery and Management of Ear Infections in Dogs

Most dogs recover without complications from ear infections. For dogs with frequent or ongoing issues, veterinarians may suggest extra tests to find any hidden causes.

Long-term strategies might involve weekly ear cleanings and possible changes in diet due to food allergies being a possible cause. Addressing these steps helps manage and prevent future infections.

Routine Cleaning

Keeping a dog’s ears clean can prevent many infections. This involves checking them weekly for dirt, wax buildup, or a bad smell. Using a soft cloth or cotton pad and a dog-safe ear cleaner works well. Avoid using cotton swabs deep in the ear to prevent damage.

Dogs with floppy ears might need more frequent cleanings. After swimming or baths, it’s important to dry their ears to stop moisture buildup. Paying attention to any changes in behavior can also alert owners to potential issues early. Regular grooming, especially in dogs with long or curly hair, can prevent the buildup of dirt and debris in and around the ears.

Diet and Nutrition

What a dog eats can affect ear health. A balanced diet supports their immune system, helping fight infections. High-quality dog food with good sources of protein, vitamins, and minerals is key. Omega-3 fatty acids can also help maintain healthy skin and coat.

If a dog has allergies, it may be more likely to get ear infections. Identifying and reducing exposure to allergens in its food can be helpful. It might be necessary to try different foods or consult a veterinarian to find the right diet.

Environmental Factors

A dog’s environment impacts ear health too. Keeping their living areas clean and free of allergens like dust or pollen makes a difference. Avoiding exposure to excessive moisture, like playing in the rain, can help prevent ear problems. Observing for irritants, like chemicals from household cleaners or garden products, is also important.

Complications of Untreated Ear Infections

Untreated ear infections in dogs can lead to serious health problems. These issues can affect a dog’s life, making them uncomfortable and reducing their quality of life.

Chronic Problems

When an ear infection is left untreated, it can turn into a long-lasting issue. The infection may cause constant discomfort, which might make dogs scratch their ears frequently. This can lead to swelling, pain, and even more infections.

The skin inside the ear can become thickened and scarred. Over time, this damage can make future infections more likely and harder to treat. Dogs may also develop a strong odor from the ears due to the bacteria and yeast growth.

Another problem is the buildup of debris in the ear canal. This can cause blockages, trapping further bacteria and leading to more infections. Regular cleaning and check-ups with a vet can help prevent these chronic issues.

Hearing Loss

Repeated ear infections can gradually lead to hearing loss. When the eardrum is damaged by infection, it may not heal properly. This can cause temporary or permanent hearing damage.

In severe cases, infection can even reach deeper structures in the ear. This could affect the dog’s ability to respond to calls, making training and daily interactions difficult.

Hearing loss can impact a dog’s sense of balance. Dogs rely on their ears for this, and repeated infections can disturb their equilibrium. Early treatment of ear infections can help protect a dog’s hearing and overall well-being.

Stopping Dog Ear Problems

Keeping dog ears clean is key to preventing problems. Regular grooming and cleaning are crucial, especially if a dog loves to swim. It is vital to use a cleaning product approved by vets, designed just for dogs. These products help maintain the right pH balance and often include ingredients to keep ears dry.

Common Questions About Dog Ear Infections

Can a Dog’s Ear Infection Go Away on Its Own?

In most cases, ear infections in dogs do not improve without treatment. It’s important for a vet to check the infection and assess any damage to the ear. If the eardrum is damaged, some treatments might harm the dog’s middle ear.

What Are the Risks of Not Treating a Dog’s Ear Infection?

Leaving an ear infection untreated can harm a dog’s hearing and cause other health problems. These infections can become serious, leading to symptoms such as a lack of appetite and tiredness. Since ear infections are painful, visiting the vet as soon as there’s a suspicion of infection is essential.

Can Ear Infections in Dogs Spread to the Brain?

Though very rare, there’s a small risk of an ear infection spreading to a dog’s brain. Most infections happen in the outer ear, from the ear flap to the eardrum. Middle and inner ear infections occur less often but can be severe, potentially reaching the brain if not managed.

Are Ear Infections in Dogs Catching?

Most dog ear infections are not catching to other pets. The exception is when ear mites are involved, as these pests spread quickly between animals. In such cases, treating all pets in the household is necessary to prevent further spread.